Frontiers of Science

In our relentless quest to understand the Universe, we often overlook the most intricate and profound object we have: the human brain. Weighing just 1.5 kilograms, this soft, wet tissue is a marvel of complexity, capable of solving problems, creating art, and exploring the depths of existence. Throughout history, we have sought to unravel the mysteries of thought and reasoning, constantly drawing parallels between our minds and the advanced technologies of our time. From clockwork mechanisms to modern computers, these analogies reflect our evolving understanding of intelligence and cognition. Written by one of the leading experts on AI, this article takes a journey through the lens of chess—a game long considered a benchmark for intelligence—tracing the development of Artificial Intelligence over the past 75 years. As we examine how machines have learned to play this strategic game, we will uncover the challenges and breakthroughs that have shaped the AI field, revealing the deep connection between our understanding of the mind and the machines we create.

Electric cars evolved from elite transport in the 1900s to Ford’s Model T revolution. GM’s 1996 EV1 met emissions standards but was controversially scrapped...