Editor’s Note:
This is Part II of our “Thinking Machines” series. While Part I focused on the “hand-crafted” algorithms of early AI, this conclusion explores the next generation of self-learning systems. Read on to see how AI moved beyond human-taught rules to learn, adapt, and master the world’s most difficult games on its own.
Author
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Kunal Sen was born in a creative household in Calcutta, India, raised by his film director father and actress mother. After completing his graduate studies in Physics, Kunal developed an interest in Computer Science and returned to graduate school. He moved to Chicago to obtain a Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence. After earning his degree, he immersed himself in digital technology, designing electronic medical systems and writing technical books. He has led the technology group at Encyclopædia Britannica since 1999. In 2011, during a trip to India, Kunal decided to invest more in his interest in visual art, committing a significant amount of his time to artmaking. He had been thinking deeply about the convergence of science, philosophy, and art, seeking to express his understanding through his creations. His practice goes beyond traditional art forms, combining his expertise in electronic technology, programming, and painting to convey intricate narratives more effectively. This process has rendered his work increasingly personal, exploring universal aspects of humanity.

